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Varvara Fyodorovna Stepanova ((ロシア語:Варва́ра Фёдоровна Степа́нова); November 9, 1894 – May 20, 1958), was a Russian artist associated with the Constructivist movement. ==Biography== Varvara Stepanova came from peasant origins but was fortunate enough to get an education at Kazan Art School, Odessa. There she met her husband and collaborator Alexander Rodchenko. In the years before the Russian Revolution of 1917 they leased an apartment in Moscow, owned by Wassily Kandinsky. These artists became some of the main figures in the Russian avant-garde. The new abstract art in Russia which began around 1915〔(Kazimir Malevitch, ''Life and painted work, Before 1918'', Troels Andersen, MoMA, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2009 )〕 was a culmination of influences from Cubism, Italian Futurism and traditional peasant art. She designed Cubo-Futurist work for several artists' books, and studied under Jean Metzinger at Académie de La Palette, an art academy where the painters André Dunoyer de Segonzac and Henri Le Fauconnier also taught.〔Examiner, ''Constructivism & early avant-garde Russian fashion design'', November 3, 2009〕 In the years following the revolution, Stepanova involved herself in poetry, philosophy, painting, graphic art, stage scenery construction, and textile and clothing designs. She contributed work to the Fifth State Exhibition and the Tenth State Exhibition, both in 1919. In 1920 came a division between painters like Kasimir Malevich who continued to paint with the idea that art was a spiritual activity, and those who believed that they must work directly for the revolutionary development of the society. In 1921, together with Aleksei Gan, Rodchenko and Stepanova formed the first ''Working Group of Constructivists'', which rejected fine art in favour of graphic design, photography, posters, and political propaganda.〔"Rodchenko, Alexander." by Yvonne Jones in ''The Oxford Companion to Western Art''. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 10 May 2013, http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t118/e2252.〕 Also in 1921, Stepanova declared in her text for the exhibition ''5x5=25'', held in Moscow: :Composition is the contemplative approach of the artist. Technique and Industry have confronted art with the problem of construction as an active process and not reflective. The 'sanctity' of a work as a single entity is destroyed. The museum which was the treasury of art is now transformed into an archive'.'' The term 'Constructivist' was by then being used by the artists themselves to describe the direction their work was taking. The theatre was another area where artists were able to communicate new artistic and social ideas. Stepanova designed the sets for ''The Death of Tarelkin'' in 1922. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Varvara Stepanova」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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